The point of the attempted derailment of the case hinged on Roman custom. Summary Full synopsis of in verrem Module Politics of the late republic Institution OCR Discusses theme - divided by chapter Full information needed for essays Preview 1 out of 4 pages Getting your document ready. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make yourown. pl. in Verrem 2.2: Sicily - abuse of judicial power. 0000017698 00000 n He saw the tides of the war shifting to Sulla, and so, Cicero alleged, went over to Sulla's lines bearing his legion's paychest. When slandering him he placed the focus on his un-Roman behaviour as he knew it would upset and anger the jury, ensuring that they would vote against him. ]8 ]Qb; m(L>c The records of the trial of Gaius (sometimes spelled Caius) Verres reveal--far better than any other extant source--the corruption of the last years of the Roman Republic. Cicero was granted a 110-day adjournment to travel to Sicily to gather evidence Allowing the governor of Achaia case to be put one day ahead of the Verres case 3. Instead, he took a two-pronged approach, by both inflating the vanity of the all-Verres had secured the services of the finest orator of his day, The point of the attempted derailment of the case hinged on Roman custom. (Essay Example), Speech Sample: The Impacts of Present And Future, Essay Sample about Absolutism and Louis XIV, Mass Suicide by Jim Jones' Cult Essay Example. The second prong concerned Verres' defense's attempts to keep the case from proceeding on technicalities. This Study Guide consists of approximately 26pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - 0000009029 00000 n T+h:lf:rlUy|AsB+r\-%}%W"971rI ,BSfy+!WzJl_@,j@5i,&e*w(t2x`$TNi\ Arlop Xd)#Re0A0@alPTII$R-@fd@" #() L44HKu~sKpk(W8 0000011194 00000 n Term. (2012-03-07)www.facebook.com/InVerrem Ciceros slander of Verres does not only cover his crimes, but his behaviour as Governor. {w?*L,xd";.mxa? (Devices that sustain this illusion include direct addresses to the audience, in particular the defendant, members of the jury, or opposing advocates, orders to the clerk to read out documents, and the use of deictic pronouns such as iste that suggest the presence of the person thus referred to.) More charges were levelled outside of this naval affair. A final instance of Ciceros use of comparison comes when he states that Verres, Proved himself so tough and energetic that no one ever saw him riding on a horse. (Cicero, 2006, 27) Cicero uses various examples of Verres behaviour during this section, including how he was carried by a litter and how he carried out his work in his bedroom. You do not imagine that you have a share in the glory with Marcus Crassus or Gnaues Pompeius? (Cicero, 2006, 31) He then goes on to add that Crassus had Courage and foresight, and was Valiant, (Cicero, 2006, 31) Making it clear that Crassus, along with Pompeius, were men who put in effort to help during the war and that Verres did little to nothing and was just taking credit for others hard work. He first uses this technique during the opening to his speech saying that Verres had Openly plundered everything in Sicily that is sacred. (Cicero, 2006, 1) The phrase openly plundered suggests that Verres did not merely steal from the people, but used force to do so. This Study Guide consists of approximately 26pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - Cicero's Orations literature essays are academic essays for citation. Time was precious: he was aware of the fact that the defence wanted to delay the trial until the following year. religio, religionis Fsupernatural constraint/taboo; obligation; sanction; worship; rite; sanctity. 0000002603 00000 n The people of Sicily despised him as did many in Rome; so, they backed Cicero. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Selected Political Speeches of Cicero. He would rather spend his time partying than doing his job. Speaking out against Sulla's regime, Cicero also takes great care in flattering the dictator for his personal and professional safety. As a countermove and to accelerate proceedings, Cicero broke with conventions in his opening speech: instead of a lengthy disquisition setting out all of the charges (oratio perpetua), followed by a prolonged hearing of supporting witnesses, he quickly and summarily sketched out each of the charges and produced a limited number of supporting witnesses. The first speech was the only one to be delivered in front of the praetor urbanus Manius Acilius Glabrio. 129).17 With the actio prima completed on 13 August, the court adjourned for the Votive Games that began on 16 August (comperendinatio). The first speech intended for the second hearing (Ver. All work ceased on festival days, according to Roman customs, including any ongoing trials. These notes were contributed by members of the GradeSaver community. "In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. This paper addresses a frequent omission in the contemporary discussion of Natural Law Theory; it is often the case that when addressing it, academics and jurists focus on Fuller or Dworkin, and sometimes progress as far back as Aquinas, but seldom are the true roots of Natural Law Theory pursued. Pompei" is a 'deliberative' speech. Verres advocate Hortensius did not expect this deviation from standard procedure and faced a difficult challenge. Cicero detailed Verres' early crimes and Verres' attempts to derail the trial. These relatives, Magnus and Capito, allegedly worked in collusion with the high-ranking official Chrysogonus to legally seize the defendant's inheritance through the era's terrifying proscriptions campaign. It is given in the Roman forum and attempts to convince a group of people in a non-legal setting (typically legislative) to take a certain course of action. However, this compilation does not include any of those works. of Sicily. alle Romane ; Liebesromane In Verrem. startxref Contrast the treatment of Syracuse by Marcellus in war and by Verres in peace Noun Nom. The first speech, "In Verrem I" is one of two 'juridical' orations included in the book - it is given in court and is intended to defend or convict a defendant. The surest way, Cicero argued, to get the Lex Aurelia iudiciaria passed and take the juries away from the Senate was to acquit Verres on all charges. Similarly during section 31 Cicero sarcastically mocks Verres claim that he helped to save Sicily during the war against the slaves. Trainer; The next speech is "In Verrem II.5." Thus, these essays are of lower quality than ones written by experts. Similarly to slander, these are made to diminish Verres character. The defense's strategy was to delay the trial as long as possible, until 69 B.C. 0000002718 00000 n In 81 BC, the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix had changed the composition of criminal courts, allowing only Senators to serve as jurymen. 2.1.16: celeritas reditionis). These were that he subverted Roman security by accepting a bribe from the city of Messana to release them from their duty of providing a ship for the Roman fleet and that he fraudulently discharged men from fleet service, did not mark them down as discharged, and pocketed their active duty pay. T.D. nominis delatio and nominis receptio (c. 20 January 70 or soon thereafter): after his victory over Caecilius, Cicero submitted a formal charge (nominis delatio), which was accepted by the praetor (nominis receptio). By the end of 70 BC, Verres was living in exile in Massilia, modern-day Marseilles, where he would live the rest of his life (history records he was killed during the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate over a sculpture desired by Mark Antony). This website uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. New: Create an account. It would have been Ciceros practice in any case to work up extensive written notes for a speech before its oral delivery which of course does not mean that he read from a script in court and he most likely had his contribution to the actio secunda more or less ready to go by the time the trial began.21. 19 The fact that he circulated all the speeches to do with the trial of Verres indicates his high opinion of the set and his belief in their value as documents of self-promotion. hA 044m\GcwzC. It lists all of Verres's crimes in detail and was rather damning. Unser Laden; 02571/5 69 89 33 persnlicher Kundenservice; Anmelden; 0 Artikel 0,00 ; Menu Menu . A patrician, Catiline, and some of his allies, wish to take over Rome for themselves and elevate Catiline to consul (or even dictator). JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4543316. 0000046913 00000 n Likewise, there was the prospect of a more favourable jury (that is, one more liable to corruption) since several of the chosen jury members were due to leave Rome in 69 BC to take up offices, ruling them out of jury duty.15 At one point, when it looked as if the ploy were to succeed, a third brother, L. Caecilius Metellus, who had taken over the governorship of Sicily from Verres as pro-praetor, tried to intimidate the Sicilians against giving testimony against Verres, boasting somewhat prematurely that Verres acquittal was certain and that it was in the Sicilians own interest not to cause difficulties. In Verrem is another notable oration, wherein Cicero represented the province of Sicily to prosecute the corrupt governor Verres for changes of corruption and extortion. 0000010417 00000 n In Verrem "Against Verres" is a series of juridical orations given by Cicero, who was serving as Prosecutor in a trial against the corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. The Question and Answer section for Ciceros Orations is a great This would further ensure Ciceros case a victory. The so-called Verrine Orations thus comprise the Divinatio in Caecilium ("Preliminary hearing against Caecilius"), which won him the right to act as prosecutor of Verres; the decisive speech he gave during the first hearing (in Verrem 1); and the material Cicero prepared for the second hearing, repackaged into five undelivered orations (in Verrem 2.1-5). By use of comparison, Cicero was able to add another layer to his argument. and there seven speeches altogether, five of which he could not give, as Verres had fled into exile. In Verrem "In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Segesta est oppidum pervetus in Sicilia, iudices,, quod ab Aenea fugiente a Troia atque in haec loca veniente conditum esse demonstrant., Itaque Segestani non solum perpetua societate atque amicitia, verum etiam cognatione se cum populo Romano coniunctos esse arbitrantur. 0000001814 00000 n Cicero, too, had a unique strategy in mind for his prosecution. The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most renowned collections of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity. Soon after the court heard Cicero's speeches, Hortensius advised Verres that it would be hard for him to win at this point, and further advised that the best course of action was for Verres to essentially plead Interesting reading: Patricia Rosenmeyer. That which was above all things to be desired, O judges, and which above all things was calculated to have the greatest influence towards allaying the unpopularity of your order, and putting an end to the discredit into which your judicial decisions have fallen, appears to have been thrown in your way, and . Cicero opens his speech by involving the audience,Members of the jury, I see that none of you is in any doubt that Verres has openly plundered everything. (Cicero, 2006, 1) Here we see Cicero already beginning to establish a connection between himself and the audience. Outline of the main charges in second speech, "Cornelius (RE 135) Dolabella (2), Gnaeus", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Verrem&oldid=1113695649, He ordered ships that had valuable cargoes impounded as allegedly belonging to the rebel, one prisoner of Verres' scheme, Publius Gavius, a Roman citizen of Compsa, escaped and protested about Verres' treatment of Roman citizens. The case was a success and brought Cicero much renown as both an orator and advocate. Via Matteotti, 3721040 Vedano Olona VA. gordon, gino and fred season 2 episode 5(function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); Orari di Apertura | Mart- Sab 08:30 12:30 15:00 -19:30, Ottica Zago 2018 All Rights Reserved - P.IVA 03256230123 -Design. , The Verrine Orations, Volume II. and there seven speeches altogether, five of which he could not give, as Verres had fled into exile. Mercurium, qui sacris anniversariis apud eos ac summa. It is likely that he would have received his earliest education at home but by the late 90s after assuming the toga virilis - the mark of a They include: Of the planned orators, only Cicero had an opportunity to speak. Cicero antagonizes these relatives and Chrysognus through carefully calculated character assassination, while elevating Roscius Jnr as a paragon of rustic country values and filial piety. In Verrem "Against Verres" is a series of juridical orations given by Cicero, who was serving as Prosecutor in a trial against the corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. Anonymous "Ciceros Orations Summary". A map of all locations mentioned in the text and notes of the Aetia. <]/Prev 321635/XRefStm 1596>> An editor To get a high-quality original essay, click here. Thus Cicero does his best to depict Verres as a heinous and hardened criminal, with a particular penchant for debauchery from his early youth. 1.6: dies perexigua). After defending The first speech was the only one to be delivered in front of the Cicero touched very little on Verres' extortion crimes in Sicily in the first speech. These speeches were given in 70 B.C. 0000013223 00000 n 0000004877 00000 n 2.1 is primarily a warm-up to his account of Verres governorship of Sicily, to which he devoted the four subsequent speeches.23. After you claim a section youll have 24 hours to send in a draft. THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE SECOND PLEADING IN THE PROSECUTION OF VERRES. Good for Cicero to raise his profile. These comparisons are most often used by Cicero to point out Verres failure as a leader for the people. Cicero alleged that Hortensius was hoping to draw the trial out long enough to run into the festival period before Cicero would have an opportunity to conclude his case, thereby making it a statistical impossibility that Glabrio and the jury would deliver a verdict before the new year, when the magistrates were replaced with their newly elected successors. Cicero delivered is speech in the extortion court in Rome. But in the larger scheme of things, Ver. IvyMoose is the largest stock of essay samples on lots of topics and for any discipline. Scholars have debated, more or less inconclusively, whether and, if so, to what degree Cicero revised speeches after delivery before circulating them in written form. 0000000897 00000 n 0000012011 00000 n Skip to main content. Cicero uses comparison as another way to accomplish his argument against Verres. Further, due to the legal system in Rome, Senators who won prosecutions were entitled to the accused's position in the Senate. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA 17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493, The Trial of Verres and Cicero's Speeches, 2431: Explanation why Cicero didnt indict in detail during the, 41102: Verres stint as legate and pro-quaestor of Dolabella in Cilicia, 90102: Verres crimes as a guardian and pro-quaestor, 12854: Misconduct as a supervisor of the maintenance of public buildings, 15558: His jury-tampering in other trials. Get Selected Political Speeches of Cicero from Amazon.com. In a society that placed a premium on esteem for magistrates, this would have meant a powerful boost to Verres cause. summus, summa, summum highest, the top of; greatest; last; the end of. Pompei ('On the Command of Gnaeus Pompeius'), teaching or studying Selected Political Speeches of Cicero. When the Sicilians turned to Rome for help against the plundering and extortion perpetrated by Verres, Cicero was a natural point of contact: he had been quaestor in Sicily only a few years earlier, knew the province well, had close ties with various leading locals, and saw himself as their patron.13 He agreed to act as the Sicilians legal representative, in what shaped up as a case for one of Romes standing courts, the so-called quaestio de repetundis.14 Because Roman officials enjoyed immunity from prosecution during their time in office, the trial could not start before Verres period as pro-magistrate finished at the end of 71 BC. Create your own Vocabulary Lists, share them with friends or colleagues. In Caecilium. Cicero won the case against major resistance. "De imperio Cn. 0000001596 00000 n Note: All essays placed on IvyMoose.com are written by students who kindly donate their papers to us. This was done by first trying to place a similar prosecution on the docket, to take place before Verres' trial, one concerning a governor of Bithynia for extortion. Cicero is serving as prosecutor against the infamously corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. divinatio (c. 20 January 70): no doubt at the instigation of Verres or his advocate Hortensius Verres quaestor Q. Caecilius Niger also applied for the leave to prosecute; such rival requests entailed the need for a so-called divinatio, which consisted of a hearing before a jury presided over by the praetor at which the rival parties staked their claims. Pro Roscio Amerino marked Cicero's first significant legal oration, given in defense of Sextus Roscius Jnr, brought to trial for the charge of parricide. 0000009802 00000 n Found a perfect sample but need a unique one? Questo sito Web utilizza i cookie per migliorare la tua esperienza. 1 / 28. Gen. By clicking Receive Essay, you agree to our, History Essay on Imperial Actions of Europe in Africa, History Essay Sample about Catherine The Great, Changing Role of Women in The 1920s Essay Example, Could the Allies Have Won WWII Without the United States? Botw Normal Ending, Tempests statement can be considered as accurate as without audience involvement, the speech would not have worked as well. Because of a public festival occurring in Rome, Verres' and Hortensius' fame, many people flocked to watch the trail. During ancient Rome thieves could face punishment as high as death, making it clear how little Cicero thought of Verres. "In Verrem I" is the first of these speeches. By 70, as the trial against Verres was proceeding, Lucius Aurelius Cotta had introduced a law that would reverse Sulla's restrictions on jury composition, once again opening the juries up to Senators, Equites and tribuni aerarii as a check on such over-lenient juries. In Verrem I. At the same time, Marcus Tullius Cicero was an up-and-coming political figure. In the aftermath of the trial, Cicero not only published the Divinatio in Caecilium and the speech he gave during the actio prima (commonly labelled in Verrem 1), but also the five speeches he had prepared for the actio secunda (in Verrem 2.15). Still, it bears stressing that in the form we have them they are indistinguishable from the written versions of those speeches he actually delivered. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating This example would have also been used to remind the people that Verres did not follow Roman laws, showing him as someone who thought he was above everyone else and that the customs did not apply to him. In Verrem II.3. The amount of original essays that we did for our clients, The amount of original essays that we did for our clients. The main ones that serve as the greatest portion of the text concern a naval scandal that Verres had fomented as a complex means of embezzlement. Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106-43 BCE ), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. Cicero collected the remaining material, including what was to be his second speech dealing with Verres' actions in Sicily, and published it as if it had actually been delivered in court. Cicero enumerated a number of charges against Verres during his tenure as governor of Moreover, Cicero alleges that Verres placed a crony of his, Cleomenes by name, as commander of a fleet expedition to destroy a group of pirates in the area (the reason being, Cicero argues, to keep him out of reach as Verres Of the planned orators, only Cicero had an opportunity to speak. Aspendum vetus oppidum et nobile in Pamphylia scitis esse, plenissimum signorum optimorum. Due to these, Ciceros attack on Verres was highly successful. These speeches are highly political, particularly In Verrem I. Verres, In the second, infinitely more damning speech, Cicero laid out the full charge sheet. There are nine, and they are ordered chronologically through his life. Cicero wrote a variety of philosophical, rhetorical (on the study and practice of rhetoric), political and legal works. Finally, the ninth speech is "Philippic II," one of fourteen speeches where Cicero defends himself against vicious rhetorical attacks by Marcus Antonius. inquisitio: to prepare his case, Cicero asked for, and was granted, 110 days, during which he travelled to Sicily to secure witnesses and documentation. 0000010523 00000 n Cicero ultimately knows that by succeeding to get the jury on his side is a sure victory. There, he learned a new and less-strenuous form of oratory from Molon of Rhodes before rushing back into the political arena upon Sulla's death. This speech was later released to the public. Cicero goes on to say that his ships were, More suited to bringing loot to the governor than terror to the pirates. (Cicero, 2006, 63) Which can be seen as a reminder that even during these more humorous sections of the speech, Ciceros main focus is still that Verres crimes ultimately hurt the Roman people and that he deserves to be punished. To conclude, Ciceros speech was helped by his use of various techniques that enforced the idea that Verres was not fit to be a Governor of Rome. The next four speeches are all given within a week or two of one another. in Verrem 2.1: Verres youth and public career prior to his governorship of Sicily in Verrem 2.2: Sicily abuse of judicial power in Verrem 2.3: Sicily extortion of taxes in Verrem 2.4: Sicily robbery of artworks in Verrem 2.5: Sicily Verres as magistrate with imperium, responsible for public safety and endowed with the power to punish The first speech had touched more on the sharp practice of Verres and his attorney, Hortensius, in trying to derail or delay the trial. A similar instance of Cicero speaking of Verres character comes when his Sicilian fleet is described as being full of Very good looking young men. (Cicero, 2006, 63) Ciceros focus on Verres vanity during these sections are used to show that Verres put his own wants above all else. 100% plagiarism free, Orders: 15 in Verrem 1 [delivered August 70 BC, during the actio prima] in Verrem 2 [planned for the actio secunda, but never delivered] in Verrem 2.1: Verres' youth and public career prior to his governorship. Tempeh In Urdu, Through a series of orations and witnesses, Verres's prosecutor, Cicero, presented a powerful story of how the shocking greed and arrogance of a provincial governor wreaked . The second speech apparently was meant to have been his rebuttal speech had the trial continued, as it alludes to witnesses as already having testified in front of Glabrio's court. He was widely regarded as one of the most intelligent and civilized 'old men' of the republic, even during Caesar's dictatorship. Cicero knew that by bringing up these instances of Verres selfishness the people of Rome would most likely become offended by Verres uncivilised behaviour. 2155 0 obj <>stream Excerpts from an English translation of the speeches are published in "Introduction: 5 Books of the Second Action Against Verres", in C. D. Yonge, ed., This page was last edited on 2 October 2022, at 20:29. 0000046874 00000 n Tempest explains how Cicero used the jury to his favour in Staging A Prosecution. Why was that pirate kept out of sight? (Cicero, 2006, 66) Cicero uses a rhetorical question here, knowingly putting Verres on the spot. Verres had the man flogged, and then he had him crucified, both punishments not to be inflicted on a Roman citizen without a trial in Rome (and even then, an execution by. The first speech, "In Verrem I" is one of two 'juridical' orations included in the book - it is given in court and is intended to defend or convict a defendant. In 69, Hortensius, one of his advocates, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, one of his main friends and supporters, would have been consuls, and M. Caecilius Metellus (a brother of the aforementioned Metellus) would have presided over the extortion court as praetor. Cicero triumphed with the (surviving) speech Divinatio in Caecilium, in which he showed that his adversary was just not up to the task. In Verrem "Against Verres" is a series of juridical orations given by Cicero, who was serving as Prosecutor in a trial against the corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. One of the ways that Cicero was able to create an effective attack was by his use of slander. Cicero detailed Verres' early crimes and Verres' attempts to derail the trial. Any deadline. Instead, he took a two-pronged approach, by both inflating the vanity of the all-senator jury and making the most of Verres' early character. These speeches are highly political, particularly In Verrem I. Verres, despite his corruption, was well-connected. Cicero is serving as prosecutor against the infamously corrupt governor of Chapter I, In Verrem I Summary and Analysis. 2127 29 After only 50 days, enough evidence had been . In outline, we have the following corpus: Cicero only decided to publish a selection of his speeches.19 The fact that he circulated all the speeches to do with the trial of Verres indicates his high opinion of the set and his belief in their value as documents of self-promotion. and there seven speeches altogether, five of which he could not give, as Verres had fled into exile. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, paved the way for Cicero's public career. M. T. Ciceronis Actionis in G. Verrem Secundae Lib. During In Catilinam, Cicero reveals to the Roman Senate a plot by fellow senator Catiline to overthrow the government. Cicero ultimately relies on his audience to ensure a win. A video summary of In Verrem's show at Spyken, in Lund. This can be seen during his use of the other techniques discussed. Despite there being no single person that Cicero compares Verres to here, his message is still made clear; Gaius Verres lazy demeanour was not the norm for Governors. One of Rome's great generals, Pompey, had been leading the battle and he had to be renewed to continue legally leading Roman troops in battle. The defense's strategy was to delay the trial as long as possible, until 69 B.C. Yet while it is the centre of Ver. During the civil war between the government and the outlaw Sulla (8382 BC), Verres had been a junior officer in a Marian legion under Gaius Papirius Carbo. The first speech, "In Verrem I" is one of two 'juridical' orations included in the book - it is given in court and is intended to defend or convict a defendant. To camouflage the fact that this was going on, Cicero further accuses Verres of administratively shuffling around the pirates to cities that had no knowledge of them and substituting others in their place on the execution block. See more Apollonius Molon. Pirates that were captured were sometimes sold under the table by Verres as slaves, rather than being executed, as Cicero argues was the proper punishment. The first speech, "In Verrem I" is one of two 'juridical' orations included in the book - it is given in court and is intended to defend or convict a defendant. Cicero is serving as prosecutor against the infamously corrupt governor of Sicily, Verres. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. 2.1), from which our passage comes, contains an exhaustive discussion of Verres career before he took on the governorship of Sicily.
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